绿茶低温负压干燥工艺优化研究

干燥是绿茶品质定型的关键工序之一，为生产优质绿茶，尤其是保留色泽和营养成分，对绿茶的干燥工艺进行了探索。通过比较传统热风干燥和低温负压干燥，发现低温负压的干燥效率平均提高30%，且在内质成分保留方面具有明显优势。分别以干燥时间、叶绿素、水浸出物、氨基酸，儿茶素和茶多酚含量为考察指标，采用多指标正交试验优化绿茶低温负压干燥工艺，结果表明，绿茶最优低温负压干燥条件为干燥温度75 ℃，负压（0.03 MPa）4 min，低温15 min。应用最优工艺加工超微茶粉，与传统工艺超微茶粉比较发现，低温负压干燥技术可有效保留原茶主要品质成分，提高超微茶粉品质。     

Trichoderma species associated with green mould disease of Pleurotus ostreatus and their sensitivity to prochloraz

Green mould disease causes serious economic losses in Pleurotus ostreatus crops worldwide, including in Italy, where prochloraz is the only chemical fungicide allowed to control the disease. The effectiveness of the doses 0.01, 0.05, 0.25 and 1.25 μL L⁻¹ (field dose) of prochloraz (Sponix Flow, 450 g L⁻¹), against colony growth rate and spore germination of Trichoderma pleuroti, T. pleuroticola and T. guizhouense strains on wheat straw extract agar plates were evaluated. Complete inhibition of Trichoderma pleuroti and T. pleuroticola growth was shown by the field dose of prochloraz, and also by the 0.25 μL L⁻¹ dose for T. pleuroti. Complete inhibition of spore germination occurred for all Trichoderma strains at field dose, and at 0.25 μL L⁻¹ for T. pleuroti strains. In in vivo assays, the effect of prochloraz doses 0.05, 0.25 and 1.25 μL L⁻¹ on colonization of straw substrate by T. pleuroti, T. pleuroticola and T. guizhouense inoculated at two spore densities (10² and 10⁵ spores mL⁻¹) immediately after P. ostreatus spawn was studied. Trichoderma pleuroti and T. pleuroticola were both responsible for green mould disease, whereas T. guizhouense was not pathogenic. Trichoderma pleuroti was more aggressive than T. pleuroticola. Prochloraz was effective against T. pleuroti at the field dose, and against T. pleuroticola at 0.25 and 1.25 μL L⁻¹. The study on Trichoderma × Pleurotus interaction type showed that Trichoderma species were active against the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus by competition for space and nutrients, and neither hyphal interaction nor effect by volatile or nonvolatile metabolites occurred.     

Drought responses of above‐ground and below‐ground characteristics in warm‐season turfgrass

Water shortages have become more chronic as periodic droughts prolong and water demand for urban and agricultural use increases. Plant drought responses involve coordinated mechanisms in both above‐ and below‐ground systems, yet most studies lack comparisons of root and canopy responses under water scarcity and recovery. This is particularly true of research focused on warm‐season turfgrasses in sandy soils with extremely low water holding capacity. To address the lack of examination of coordinated stress and recovery responses, this study compared the above‐ and below‐ground plant responses during a dry‐down period of 21 days and recovery among four warm‐season turfgrass species in the field. Canopy drought responses and recovery were quantified using digital image analysis. In situ root images were captured using a minirhizotron camera system. Common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] endured the entire drought period without losing 50% green cover while other species lost 50% green cover in 11–34 days predicted from the regression. The interspecific differences in drought resistance were mainly due to root characteristics. Other drought mechanisms appear to be responsible for differences identified in drought resistance between “Zeon” and “Taccoa Green” manilagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.]. Recovery was delayed for up to 2 weeks in the second year, warranting further evaluation for turfgrass persistence under long‐term drought. Three‐week drought posed no threat to the survival of zoysiagrass. Species and genotypic variations were found in achieving full post‐recovery, which can be used to develop water conservation strategies and to adjust consumer expectations.     

复配抑菌剂对青椒细菌性软腐病防治及保鲜效果研究

为研发适用于青椒细菌性软腐病防治及青椒保鲜的复配抑菌剂,分别研究了ε-聚赖氨酸、乳酸链球菌素、曲酸对细菌性软腐病的抑制效果,基于单因素抑菌试验结果,运用响应面试验优化复配抑菌剂配方,并将所得最佳复配抑菌剂用于青椒保鲜试验。结果表明,复配抑菌剂的最佳配方为:ε-聚赖氨酸161.50 mg/L,曲酸13.34 g/L,乳酸链球菌素181.00 mg/L,其对胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌的实际抑菌率可达95.33%,与预测值95.50%相近。青椒保鲜试验发现,复配抑菌剂能有效维持青椒叶绿素、VC及可溶性固形物含量,降低失重率和抑制相对电导率的上升,有助于维持青椒感官品质。     

城镇街道绿化景观设计初探

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,与此相应地对城镇街道绿化景观也提出了越来越高的要求。城镇街道绿化景观不仅是城市生态景观的重要组成部分之一,更是一个城市改善居民居住环境的重要途径。它不仅改善了城市环境,美化了城市形象,更能够彰显城市的文化内涵,对整个城市宜居水平产生着极其重要的影响。没有良好的城镇街道绿化景观,就没有良好的城市生态环境。基于此,试图就城镇街道绿化景观设计展开初步探讨研究,以供参考借鉴。     

星球城市化：风景园林的新理论基础

星球城市化是建立在对城市/非城市二元论批判上提出的立足全球尺度的城市理论，其对非城市区域的关注与思考，以及操作性景观等概念的提出，均论证了这一城市研究理论与风景园林学科的密切联系。以星球城市化为基础发展起来的一系列新思潮近年来对风景园林的教育与实践产生了重要影响，星球生态学、星球建筑学以及星球基础设施等新概念的提出为学科带来了新的思考角度与操作手法，同时也促进了风景园林与多个学科之间的良性交流与补充。在星球视野下的风景园林学科将凭借其综合性与包容性，在全球人居环境营造中承担更重要的责任。     

2020年我国水稻产业形势分析及2021年展望

在国家政策支持下,2020年我国水稻面积恢复增长至3 007.6万hm²,比2019年增加38.2万 hm²;受灾害偏重发生影响,水稻平均单产7 044.0 kg/hm²,降低15.0 kg/hm²,但仍为历史第2高;水稻总产2.1186亿t,增加225.0万t,连续10年稳定在2亿t以上。国内稻米市场价格持续上涨,特别是晚籼稻市场走势明显强于2019年,2020年12月稻谷收购价格2 740.3元/t,同比上涨9.0%;优质稻和普通稻价格分化明显,黄华占、丰两优等优质稻价格比普通品种每kg高0.2元以上。大米进口量恢复增长,2020年我国进口大米294.3万t,同比增长15.6%;出口大米230.5万t,减少16.1%。2020年品种审定数量继续大幅增加,市场结构持续优化,国审品种的总体优质化率超过50%。绿色发展稳步推进,绿色生产技术继续保持较快发展势头。分析了我国水稻生产存在的问题,展望了2021年水稻产业发展趋势：预计水稻面积小幅增加,单产稳定在7 050.0 kg/hm²,品种结构继续优化,大米市场平稳运行,绿色品种和技术推广应用加快。     

福建省新型城镇化发展现状与对策

改革开放以来,福建省城镇化进程快速推进,截至2013年底福建省城镇人口达到2293万人,城镇化率提高到60.8%,高于全国平均水平。该文从福建省的城镇化规模、城镇集聚和辐射、基础设施、公用事业、人居环境、城镇体系现状分析出发,重点探讨福建省推进新型城镇化建设过程中面临的主要难题,提出以生态示范区为契机,为福建省走集约、智能、绿色、低碳的新型城镇化道路提出相应战略对策。     

Effects of supplementation with green tea by‐products on growth performance,meat quality,blood metabolites and immune cell proliferation in goats

Forty‐eight castrated male goats were used to determine the effects of feeding green tea by‐products (GTB) on growth performance, meat quality, blood metabolites and immune cell proliferation. Experimental treatments consisted of basal diets supplemented with four levels of GTB (0%, 0.5%, 1.0% or 2.0%). Four replicate pens were assigned to each treatment with three goats per replicate. Increasing dietary GTB tended to linearly increase the overall average weight gain and feed intake (p = 0.09). Water holding capacity, pH and sensory attributes of meat were not affected by GTB supplementation, while cooking loss was reduced both linearly and quadratically (p < 0.01). The redness (linear; p = 0.02, quadratic; p < 0.01) and yellowness (quadratic; p < 0.01) values of goat meat were improved by GTB supplementation. Increasing dietary GTB quadratically increased protein and decreased crude fat (p < 0.05), while linearly decreased cholesterol (p = 0.03) content of goat meat. The proportions of monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n‐6 PUFA increased linearly (p < 0.01) and n‐3 PUFA increased quadratically (p < 0.05) as GTB increased in diets. Increasing dietary GTB linearly increased the PUFA/SFA (saturated fatty acid) and tended to linearly and quadratically increase (p ≤ 0.10) the n‐6/n‐3 ratio. The thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances values of meat were lower in the 2.0% GTB‐supplemented group in all storage periods (p < 0.05). Dietary GTB linearly decreased plasma glucose and cholesterol (p < 0.01) and quadratically decreased urea nitrogen concentrations (p = 0.001). The growth of spleen cells incubated in concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharides medium increased significantly (p < 0.05) in response to GTB supplementation. Our results suggest that GTB may positively affect the growth performance, meat quality, blood metabolites and immune cell proliferation when supplemented as a feed additive in goat diet.     

Bats as the main prey of wintering long‐eared owl (Asio otus) in Beijing: Integrating biodiversity protection and urban management

The loss of biodiversity from urbanized areas is a major environmental problem challenging policy‐makers throughout the world. Solutions to this problem are urgently required in China. We carried out a case study of wintering long‐eared owls (Asio otus) and their main prey to illustrate the negative effects of urbanization combined with ineffective conservation of biodiversity in Beijing. Field monitoring of owl numbers at two roosting sites from 2004 to 2012 showed that the owl population had fallen rapidly in metropolitan Beijing. Analysis of pellet contents identified only seven individuals of two species of shrew. The majority of mammalian prey comprised four bat and seven rodent species, making up 29.3% and 29.5% of the prey items, respectively. Prey composition varied significantly among years at the two sample sites. At the urban site the consumption of bats and rodents declined gradually over time, while predation on birds increased. In contrast, at the suburban site the prey composition showed an overall decrease in the number of bats, a sharp increase and a subsequent decrease in bird prey, and the number of rodent prey fell to a low point. Rapid development of real estate and inadequate greenfield management in city parks resulted in negative effects on the bird and small mammal habitat of urban areas in Beijing. We suggest that measures to conserve biodiversity should be integrated into future urban planning to maintain China's rich biodiversity while also achieving sustainable economic development.